摘要:奖励与惩罚是学校教育中重要的方法之一。然而当前教育中奖惩的效果却不容乐观，越来越多的学生因为教师不恰当的奖惩而心理上出现了负面的效应。因此最大限度的减少或是避免学生再出现类似的负面心理，在当前素质教育的形势下具有极其重要的现实意义。根据我国相关工具书的解释奖惩就是学校或教师这一教育主体根据一定的评价体系和标准，对学生这一教育客体在某一方面或某些方面取得的成绩或成就进行的激励或阻止的过程，最终使其成为适应社会的独立自主的社会人。奖惩的基本表现形式分为精神上的奖惩和物质上的奖惩。本研究通过对盐城市阜宁县陈集镇中心小学二到六年级各两个班的小学生进行奖惩后心理状态的调查，发现了奖惩的负面心理效应有自卑、顺从、胆怯、失望、埋怨、矛盾、偏激、排斥、痛苦。

　　　为了最大程度的减少或是避免出现这些负面心理效应本研究从两个方面提出了解决策略。一是从奖惩的实施者教师方面来考虑，教师要注意对奖惩方式本身应注意的技巧，如奖惩要考虑到奖惩的科学融合；奖惩发生的时间、频率和范围以及奖惩要注意正负强化的运用。二是从奖惩的对象学生方面来考虑，教师要注意学生作为独立个体具有其独特性。如要考虑学生的个体差异、年龄特征、奖惩历史、积极关注。

关键词 小学教育；负面心理；奖惩策略

Abstract:Reward and punishment is one of the important methods of school education. However, the effect of rewards and punishments in the current education is not optimistic, more and more students because teachers are not appropriate rewards and punishments and negative psychological effect. Therefore, to minimize or help students avoid recurrence of similar negative psychological, in the situation of the current quality of education has a very important practical significance. According to the interpretation of the book of our tools incentive schools or teachers in the educational body according to the evaluation system and standard object of this education of students in a particular area or some aspects of the achievements or achievements incentives or blocked eventually making it independent society to adapt to society. The basic forms of rewards and punishments are divided into spiritual rewards and punishments and material rewards and punishments. In this study, the investigation of the psychological state of rewards and punishments on the the Funing Chenji Central Primary School to sixth grade primary school students in two classes, incentive negative psychological effects of low self-esteem, obedience, fear, disappointment, blame, contradictions, extreme, rejection and pain.

In order to reduce or avoid these negative psychological effects of the proposed solution strategy from two aspects. First from the reward and punishment of the perpetrators of teachers, teachers should pay attention to the incentive should be noted that skills, such as rewards and punishments to take into account the scientific integration of reward and punishment; incentive time, frequency and scope, as well as rewards and punishments should pay attention to positive and negative to strengthen Application. Is from the incentive target students, teachers should pay attention to students as individuals is unique. To consider students' individual differences and age, rewards and punishments history, an active interest.

Keywords： Primary education  Negative psychological  Incentive strategy