Abstract：Translation is a traditional industry with a long history; it plays an important role in the development of the national economy and the opening to the outside world. In the era of economic globalization, translation as an industry even ascends to being the world's most popular industry. With the reform and opening-up policy of China, the translation market in China has been developing rapidly. At the same time, more and more enterprises and people participating in translation are also increasing rapidly. Translation is an activity, which means one language is turned ned into another based on the principle of accuracy and faithfulness. However, there are various problems will be encountered in the process of translation. In order to guide the translation practice, it is quite necessary for the translators to analyses the difficulties in translation, and try to find out the proper methods to deal with them..  

 Based on the basic theories of linguistics and translation studies, this thesis compares and analyses the English and Chinese languages, points out the characters in the two languages, to study the difficulties caused in the process of translation in the perspectives of grammar, semantics and cultural background, and tries to find out the proper solutions. 

Key words: definition, standard, difficulty, grammar, semantics, cultural background, solution

CONTENTS

摘要

Abstract

1. Introduction-5

2. The definition and the standard of translation-5

3. The difficulties in translation-7

3.1 The reasons of difficulties in translation-7

3.1.1 The structure of English-7

3.1.2 The structure of Chinese-7

3.1.3 The contrast between English language and Chinese language-7

3.1.3.1 Hypotaxis in Chinese; Parataxis in English-8

3.1.3.2 Front focus in English; Back focus in Chinese-8

3.1.3.3 Static focus in English; Dynamic focus in Chinese-8

3.1.3.4 Impersonal focus in English; Personal focus in English-8

3.1.3.5 More passive words in English; More active words in Chinese-9

3.1.3.6 Position of modifier-9

3.1.3.7 Phrase focus in English; Phrase ignorance in Chinese-9

3.1.3.8 Rational and logic in English; Intuitional and figurative in Chinese-10

3.1.3.9 Individual spirit focus in English; Entirety focus in Chinese-10

3.1.3.10 English emphasizing rigorous sentence structure; Chinese emphasizing the overall structure-10

3.2 Aspects of difficulties in translation-10

3.2.1 Shallow causes-10

3.2.2. Underlying causes-11

3.2.2.1 Pragmatic differences caused by digital-12

3.2.2.2 Pragmatic differences caused by color words-13

3.2.2.3 Pragmatic differences caused by time-13

3.2.2.4 Pragmatic differences caused by daily used words-14

3.2.2.5 Pragmatic differences caused by vulgar-14

3.2.2.6 Pragmatic differences caused by view of value-14

4. The solutions to difficulties in translation-15

4.1 Solutions in shallow aspects-15

4.1.1 Selecting the meaning of a word-15

4.1.2 Conversion-15

4.1.3 Reduction-16

4.1.4 Alternatives means of words-16

4.1.5 Addition-16

4.2 Solutions of underlying aspect-17

4.2.1 Foreignization-17

4.2.2 Domestication-17

5. Conclusion-18

References-19

Acknowledgements-20